New York or Toronto: which climate?
New York (United States) has a hot-summer humid continental climate, whereas Toronto (Canada) has a warm-summer humid continental climate, according to the Köppen-Geiger classification.
The values compared here are normals computed over 86 complete calendar years, from 1940 to 2025, using ERA5 reanalysis data from the Copernicus programme. The same method and the same period apply to New York and to Toronto.
New York is warmer than Toronto by 4.1 °C in annual average: 12.1 °C against 8.0 °C.
New York gets more rain than Toronto: 1,098 mm per year against 798 mm.
New York and Toronto are warming at the same rate: about +1.7 °C between 1940 and 2025 on both sides.
New York averages 20 hot days (≥ 30 °C) and 75 frost days per year; Toronto averages 10 and 131.
Data from ERA5 reanalysis (Copernicus Climate Change Service), redistributed under a CC-BY 4.0 licence. Normals are recomputed whenever the archive is updated.
| Indicator | New York | Toronto | Difference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean daily temperature | 12.1 °C | 8.0 °C | -4.1 °C |
| Average daily high | 15.7 °C | 12.4 °C | -3.3 °C |
| Average daily low | 8.6 °C | 3.6 °C | -5.0 °C |
| Annual rainfall | 1,098 mm | 798 mm | -300 mm |
| Sunshine / day | 8.8 h | 8.7 h | negligible |
| Hot days (≥ 30 °C) | 20 d/yr | 10 d/yr | -10 d/yr |
| Frost days (< 0 °C) | 75 d/yr | 131 d/yr | +56 d/yr |
| Rainy days (≥ 1 mm) | 118 d/yr | 118 d/yr | negligible |
| Mean relative humidity | 71 % | 72 % | negligible |
| Average peak wind | 17.4 km/h | 19.9 km/h | negligible |
A difference is only reported when it exceeds the resolution of the data. ERA5 is a reanalysis on a grid of about 31 km: two nearby cities often fall in the same cell, and below half a degree you are reading the grid, not the climate.